#p <nat>British<o>mathematician<n>Ada Lovelace<fem><b>1815<d>1852<c><info>Ada Lovelace was a programming pioneer who developed algorithms for @Charles Babbage@@'s @Difference Engine@@.
#p <nat>American<o>inventor<n>Thomas Edison<b>1847 Feb 11<d>1931
#p <nat>American<o>inventor<n>Alexander Graham Bell<b>1847 Mar 3<d>1922
#p <nat>German<o>inventor<n>Emile Berliner<b>1851 May 20<d>1929 Aug 3<c>U.S.<info>Emile Berliner is generally credited with the invention of the telephone receiver in 1877 and the disk recording system in 1887, which he called the gramophone.
#e <t>inv<d>1823<n>waterproof fabric<c>Scotland<info>Charles Macintosh devised a practical method of waterproofing fabric with rubber.
#e <t>inv<d>1825<n>limelight<c>Great Britain<info>Thomas Drummond invented a lamp in which a burning jet of hydrogen and oxygen is directed toward a small ball of lime. The flame becomes incandescent. This innovation, which was developed for lighthouses but also found use on the stage, became known as limelight.
#e <t>inv<d>1828<n>Nicol prism<c>Edinburgh<info>William Nicol used two pieces of Iceland spar crystal to separate a beam of light into diverging beams of different polarity.
#e <t>invention<t>food<d>1828<n>chocolate powder<c>Netherlands<info>The Dutch made chocolate powder by squeezing most of the fat from finely ground cacao beans. The cocoa butter from pressing was soon being added to a powder-sugar mixture, and a new product, eating chocolate, was born.
#e <t>inv<d>1839<n>fuel cell<c>Britain<info>The fuel cell was invented by British physicist William R. Grove.<ref>Sci Am 1999 Jul
#e <t>inv<n>wire rope<d>1842<c>U.S.<info>John Roebling invented wire rope, which is cable composed of multiple strands of steel, in 1842.
#e <t>inv<d>1845<n>pneumatic tire<c>Scotland<info>The pneumatic tire was invented by Robert Thomson for horse-drawn carriages.
#e <t>inv<d>1848<c>France<n>aneroid barometer
#e <t>inv<d>1849<n>electrolysis of water<c>Belgium<info>The production of hydrogen and oxygen gasses by electrolysis of water was discovered by Floris Nollet.
#e <t>use<d>1862<n>ironclads battle<c>U.S.<info>The Union's Monitor battles the Confederacy's Merrimack in the first naval engagement between two armour-clad warships. The battle is indecisive.
#e <t>inv<n>trans-Atlantic telegraph cable<d>1866<c>North Atlantic<info>The first succesful trans-Atlantic telegraph cable was laid by Cyrus Field using the ship Great Eastern.
#e <t>inv<d>1871<n>Difference Engine<p>Babbage<info>This mechanical computer was built by @Charles Babbage@@, but not finished. The design would have worked if he had completed it, and would have been the most powerful computing device of his time.
#e <t>inv<d>1871<n>arc light<c>Belgium<info>The carbon arc light, which produces light with an electric arc between two carbon electrodes, was invented by Zénobe Gramme.
#e <t>inv<n>barbed wire<d>1874<c>Illinois<info>Joseph Glidden, who lived in De Kalb, Illinois, patented barbed wire in 1874.
#e <t>invention<t>food<d>1876<n>milk chocolate<c>Switzerland<info>A Swiss firm added condensed milk to chocolate, producing the world's first milk chocolate.
#e <t>inv<d>1876<p>Alexander Graham Bell<n>telephone<c>Nova Scotia<info>by @Alexander Graham Bell@@.
#e <t>invention<d>1884<n>fountain pen<c>U.S.<info>The fountain pen, incorporating its own ink reservoir, was invented by Lewis E. Waterman. The basic elements of modern fountain pens still resemble those Waterman assembled: a nib or writing point; an ink reservoir and a device for filling it; and an external housing, or shell. Nibs may be made of stainless steel, gold, nickel, or ferrous alloys. Usually a pellet of a wear-resistant metal such as a ruthenium alloy is welded to the tip to increase the life of the point.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>inv<d>1885<n>gasoline-powered car<c>Germany<info>Karl Benz made the first gasoline-fueled car.
#e <t>invention<d>1888<n>ball-point pen<c>U.S.<info>The first patent for a ball-point writing tip was issued in 1888 to an American, John H. Loud. It was designed for writing on rough surfaces. His concept, coupled with advances in ball grinding and measuring technology, allowed Lazlo Biro, a Hungarian, to make a ball-point pen that wrote easily on paper. The Biro appeared in England in 1944; American ball-points gained rapid popularity in the early 1950s.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>inv<d>1890<n>Hollerith machine<c>U.S.<info>Herman Hollerith develops an electrically driven census machine that reads punch cards. Six years later, he founded the company that eventually became IBM.
#e <t>invention<d>1893<n>zipper<c>U.S.<info>The first zipper, called the Hookless Fastener, was invented by Whitcomb L. Judson. It consisted of two thin metal chains that could be locked together with a metal slider. It was used on boots and shoes. In 1910 he developed the C-Curity Fastener, for trousers and skirts. B. F. Goodrich bought Judson's company in 1923 and used the zipper for its rubber galoshes.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>inv<d>1898<n>dirigible torpedo<p>Tesla<info>@Tesla@@ designed a remote-control torpedo. Previous steerable torpedoes had used cables. Tesla said, "War will cease to be possible when all the world knows that tomorrow the most feeble of the nations can supply itself immediately with a weapon which will render its coast secure and its ports impregnable to the assaults of the united armadas of the world."<ref>Sci Am 1998 Nov pg. 14
#e <t>inv<d>1898<n>magnetic recording<c>Denmark<info>Valdemar Poulsen invented a device that recorded a human voice magnetically on steel wires or ribbons. The invention was intended to be used as a telephone answering machine
#e <t>electronics<d>1899 Mar<n>cross-Channel radio<c>English Channel<p>Marconi<info>The first wireless telegraph message across the English Channel was sent by @Marconi@@ in March 1899.
#e <t>inv<d>1900<n>78-RPM records<c>Montreal<info>@Emile Berliner@@ created the 78-RPM phonograph. His first releases were "God Save the Queen" and "The Maple Leaf Forever."
